"I hate college basketball referees." (Brian) Odds are you will hate them even more after the Ohio game.
So I did find myself clutching my chest watching Michigan v. Purdue and groaning at the horribly inconsistent officiating. I had the sound off as I can barely stand the commentary when they fail to say a word about the crappy calls that anyone can see are something akin to the officiating fairness of the WWF. My wife (oh so irritatingly calm) says to me that the officials can't always be that biased against my Wolverines and threatens to leave the room if I keep groaning and moaning. So after we managed to squeak out a win that shouldn't have been that close and my heart rate was down to normal, I decided to get more objective as my dear wife suggested. So I reviewed all the Big Ten free throw data for the last 11 seasons and here is the ...chart? chart.....
Here are the 2001-2011 Big Ten games only total win/loss records and the total foul shot attempt differential (i.e.foul shot attempts less fouls shot attempts by opponents)
The most remarkable thing to notice is that Ohio had 624 more free throw attempts than their opponents over those seasons and a NW had 646 fewer than theirs. Believe me that differential by t test is less than p<.01 by chance. Make of it what you may. ANOVA of all the teams and their free throw attempts suggest that the results are not drawn from the same pool i.e. that the difference between the teams is significant at less than p<.02
W | L | foul diff | |
Illinois | 118 | 66 | -274 |
Indiana | 88 | 97 | -203 |
Iowa | 74 | 110 | 382 |
Michigan | 77 | 107 | -81 |
Mich St | 124 | 60 | -32 |
Minn | 75 | 109 | 331 |
NW | 58 | 126 | -646 |
Ohio | 120 | 64 | 624 |
Penn St | 53 | 131 | 55 |
Purdue | 97 | 88 | 59 |
Wiscy | 129 | 55 | 445 |
1013 | 1013 | 660 |
The stats say we should get ready to get ready to get hosed at Ohio. Maybe I just won't watch.
January 26th, 2012 at 11:37 PM ^
I assume that you are assuming that these foul shot attempt differentials are the result of biased refereeing?
You don't see any alternative hypotheses (like differnces in style of play)??
January 26th, 2012 at 11:37 PM ^
You sir, have a lot of time on your hands.
January 26th, 2012 at 11:39 PM ^
Having dominant big men and great players that get to the rim leads to free throws and high percentage shots, both of which lead to wins. Also teams that have the lead in a lot of games get fouled and go to the line more.
January 26th, 2012 at 11:40 PM ^
January 26th, 2012 at 11:43 PM ^
January 26th, 2012 at 11:43 PM ^
So your insinuation is that there is a conference-wide conspiracy to favor Ohio State on the basketball court, right? That is your end game, is it not?
January 27th, 2012 at 12:07 AM ^
Well obviously there is. He made a chart! CHART!!
Nice job analyzing the data and coming up with the least likely conclusion.
January 26th, 2012 at 11:43 PM ^
Now it is very possible that I'm wrong, but shouldn't the total of the "Foul Diff" column be zero if all these fouls occured against only teams in the Big Ten?
January 26th, 2012 at 11:43 PM ^
Unfortunately this chart does not tell us much as there are other factors involved, mainly differences in playing style as mentioned above. But it will be very interesting if you use this same data and compare the W/L and foul differences of each team home and away. That way you can isolate those two variables and see if teams have a better home record, and if so if it is related to foul differential (aka partly officiating).
January 26th, 2012 at 11:46 PM ^
January 26th, 2012 at 11:50 PM ^
OSU has Sullinger. That is reason enough that we won't be liking the refs after the game.
January 26th, 2012 at 11:56 PM ^
Uhhh...as some of the above posters have said, you have identified a definite pattern, but you have in no way identified the source of the pattern.
To keep it short, which team do you think will have more free throw attempts?
Team A, who has had multiple seven footers over the past 10 years, most/all being above average big men. They score lots of points in the paint.
Team B, who shoots almost half of their FG attempts from behind the 3-point line and hasn't had much of a post game in recent history.
Team A is clearly going to shoot (significantly) more free throws, right? And Team A is obviously Ohio, Team B is obviously us.
I think I need to retire from the game threads on this board. Any single little thing goes wrong and you get seemingly dozens of people crying about the refs. I've watched most of the games this year and in my view (hugely biased towards M) the refereeing has been even, for all intents and purposes, for the whole year. There seem to be a lot of alarmists and/or people who don't want to own up to our team's deficiencies, and would rather appropriate the blame to outside sources (read: the refs).
Sure, you can take a small sample size and identify calls that went against us (ie shoe on the line) but you can also take a small sample size and cherry pick calls that went our way. It is human nature to remember the close calls that went against you compared to how often you remember the close calls that went for you.
TL;DR version: This just in: THE REFS ARE NOT BIASED AGAINST US.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:04 AM ^
I would have understood this post 4 years ago when I was taking stats. But then again I didn't even understand anything then since the stats GSIs at michigan don't really speak english
January 27th, 2012 at 9:11 AM ^
post.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:07 AM ^
For posting a thread whining about the officials but then I saw you posted something useful. Thanks for not posting another stupid thread.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:10 AM ^
I officiate high school varsity. Anyone who thinks they are better, please go sign up and get some games. Your tunes will change. The NCAA guys cut insane schedules. Basketball will always be the hardest sport to officiate. No one will ever be happy.
Edit: Oh and officials couldn't give a shit about who wins or who is playing.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:14 AM ^
Sincerely, Tim Donaghy.
But seriously, I agree with you. I get frustrated, and when I was younger, I used to flat out blame refs for ruining games, but man, I was dumb.
Do coaches affect games though? It seems as if guys who work the refs all game like Thad Matta, Coach K, etc. seem to "get the calls." Any truth? I know you will probably say no, but be honest.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:21 AM ^
One of the SI writers co-wrote a book examining what was the source of home field/court advantage, and they found the biggest contributing factor to be that refs show a slight, consistent bias towards the home team. It is psychological for the refs to dislike heavy booing. This could also probably apply to well respeted coaches being in your ear all game, and you subconsciously want to appease them. Maybe the high school ref from above could comment on if that really worked for him?
And no, this is not a reason to claim conspiracy vs Michigan - every team plays some on the road, some at home. If anything it is further reason for the Maize Rage to go crazy.
Here is a link to the book on Amazon....
http://www.amazon.com/Scorecasting-Hidden-Influences-Behind-Sports/dp/0…
January 27th, 2012 at 12:51 AM ^
January 27th, 2012 at 1:02 AM ^
Yup, a slight home bias is usually the cause in lopsided refereeing. Coincidentally, the two biggest games that I have complaints about the officiating this season are away games, Indiana and Purdue. I also have a couple hunches about officiating "bias" that I would love to see someone look into (or maybe someone already has).
1) Do refs have a statistical bias to close a widening foul gap? Obviously huge differences in talent can create some lopsided games in addition to completely different playing styles, but that's not really what I'm talking about. You would have to throw out the ends of games where teams foul when it's anywhere near close, but I've always thought that it seems like refs never let one team get too far out in front of the other in terms of fouls committed, especially in closely contested or evenly matched games (evenly matched on paper that is). Lots of times it seems as if a team might be starting to run up an advantage, say 8 to 3 (bonus vs. non-bonus) or 10 to 5 even (double bonus vs non-bonus), only for that gap to close or even for it be canceled out. I always find it hard to believe that the team that had been racking up the fouls stopped committing the fouls. Rather instead, it often seems as if the 50/50 calls start to go their way. That wasn't a charge; it was a blocking foul. That hand check is no longer a foul like it was earlier. In particular, the biggest culprit for lessening the foul gap seems to be off-the-ball fouls. Maybe it's just me, but this is one of those things that I just feel in my gut and wish that I could prove. I pretty much take it as a sport truism just like a player, no matter how hot his hand is, will pretty much never hit back-to-back-to-back threes. It just doesn't happen. Anyone else get this gut feeling?
2) Do refs have a bias in the NCAA tournament to help underdog seeds in close games by calling more fouls on the lower seeded team? Again, I have no clue if this is true, and I have less confidence in this being the case than the above observation. That said, I've definitely watched tournament games (which technically have no home court advantage but can have a crowd advantage - and often that advantage is in favor of the underdog) where it seemed like all the foul calls were going to the underdog. Namely, I personally thought George Mason's Final Four run was aided in this way.
Again, these are just thoughts and I figured this thread about bball officiating was as good as any to voice them.
January 27th, 2012 at 9:15 AM ^
I'm not supposed to guess the correct answer? Anecdotal, to be sure, but that's what I saw against Purdue, and have witnessed too often in the past. What I also see happen are make-up calls; they make a bad call at one end, someone on the other team will get called for something shortly.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:11 AM ^
Honestly, I'm shocked that MSU and Illinois are in the negative despite their dominant records. Other than that, what everyone said above. Big men, winning late in games, OSU starting games in the double bonus, etc.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:26 AM ^
Hey I just was trying to get objective. I had no idea that there would be these differentials which I admit may be multicausal but cleaarly staistically significant. There is not easily accessible data about home v. away. Please notice that Iowa Minnesota which have similar W/L records to Uof M had 550 and 200 more foul shot attempts than Michigan. The data does show that foul shots attempts are significantly associated with wins. (No surprise there.) Here is the data table for all the teams and seasons team free throws and free throws for opponents.
team | opponents | team | opponents | ||
Illinois | 291 | 326 | Indiana | 300 | 473 |
296 | 342 | 375 | 396 | ||
201 | 259 | 323 | 370 | ||
344 | 391 | 376 | 307 | ||
285 | 253 | 288 | 387 | ||
261 | 295 | 282 | 306 | ||
273 | 221 | 326 | 310 | ||
248 | 307 | 257 | 276 | ||
299 | 348 | 349 | 314 | ||
335 | 365 | 292 | 257 | ||
372 | 372 | 356 | 331 | ||
3205 | 3479 | 3524 | 3727 | ||
-274 | -203 | ||||
Iowa | 307 | 293 | Michigan | 257 | 299 |
287 | 299 | 263 | 246 | ||
263 | 274 | 278 | 289 | ||
289 | 259 | 288 | 291 | ||
343 | 279 | 326 | 289 | ||
347 | 262 | 299 | 261 | ||
326 | 345 | 243 | 326 | ||
394 | 274 | 312 | 289 | ||
377 | 288 | 320 | 298 | ||
362 | 365 | 252 | 264 | ||
431 | 406 | 336 | 403 | ||
3726 | 3344 | 3174 | 3255 | ||
382 | -81 | ||||
MichState | 332 | 354 | Minn | 365 | 289 |
332 | 275 | 314 | 296 | ||
390 | 312 | 300 | 320 | ||
293 | 322 | 353 | 374 | ||
278 | 325 | 224 | 300 | ||
278 | 285 | 281 | 288 | ||
288 | 332 | 332 | 279 | ||
283 | 351 | 285 | 396 | ||
325 | 360 | 310 | 396 | ||
286 | 267 | 313 | 378 | ||
352 | 286 | 303 | 395 | ||
3437 | 3469 | 3380 | 3711 | ||
-32 | 331 | ||||
NW | 283 | 358 | Ohio | 392 | 219 |
322 | 399 | 340 | 260 | ||
260 | 316 | 282 | 227 | ||
197 | 369 | 260 | 248 | ||
137 | 278 | 324 | 177 | ||
209 | 291 | 270 | 215 | ||
238 | 268 | 241 | 261 | ||
248 | 243 | 343 | 360 | ||
282 | 359 | 381 | 315 | ||
283 | 237 | 382 | 327 | ||
309 | 296 | 347 | 327 | ||
2768 | 3414 | 3562 | 2936 | ||
-646 | 624 | ||||
Penn St | 285 | 265 | Purdue | 366 | 286 |
282 | 306 | 381 | 307 | ||
285 | 240 | 336 | 292 | ||
332 | 272 | 363 | 391 | ||
265 | 281 | 285 | 312 | ||
256 | 221 | 232 | 330 | ||
297 | 201 | 254 | 339 | ||
257 | 196 | 280 | 266 | ||
264 | 381 | 442 | 349 | ||
277 | 411 | 299 | 277 | ||
378 | 349 | 392 | 422 | ||
3178 | 3123 | 3630 | 3571 | ||
55 | 59 | ||||
Wisc | 276 | 292 | |||
252 | 318 | ||||
288 | 307 | ||||
362 | 233 | ||||
339 | 213 | ||||
328 | 289 | ||||
328 | 264 | ||||
308 | 257 | ||||
273 | 214 | ||||
323 | 256 | ||||
301 | 290 | ||||
3378 | 2933 | ||||
445 |
January 27th, 2012 at 1:13 AM ^
By the by, your data looks off, unless you mixed up your Minnesota numbers, they should be at -331, not the +331 you have them at. Ironically, this makes your R2 better, not worse.
What's interesting is that if you excise Northwestern's offensive outlier (their offense will produce significantly less FTAs) the spread between FTAs is very low, which means teams will shoot a similar amount of free throws. What the data really says is that some teams either don't foul, or aren't called as often for fouls. Wisconsin and OSU have under 3k fouls, while the high side Indiana has over 3700. OSU doesn't have a different amount of fouls called for them as compared to other B1G teams, but they do have less fouls called against them, to the tune of 1.45 FTAs a game. In other words, possibly statistically significant, but probably not actually significant.
Even if it does turn out to be statistically significant, we still don't know why. To use an old example, at an average house fire, a large crowd of people might gather. You would find a statistically significant amount of that crowd has the same occupation: firefighter. There is a high degree of correlation between firefighters and house fires. It would be incorrect to assume that housefires are caused by firefighters.
EDIT: here's a link to current NBA FTA differentials. I would suspect they do not correlate well to anything, but overall better teams will shoot more FTs.
January 27th, 2012 at 9:02 AM ^
If I'm reading this right, half of OSU's differential comes from 2 seasons. Last year, and the Oden/Conley year. Both dominant teams and #1 seeds.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:29 AM ^
Sullinger gets EVREY FREAKIN CALL too. I'm prepared for a very long afternoon but I remain optimistic. Go Blue!
January 27th, 2012 at 12:36 AM ^
While it's great that you know how to use Minitab (I'm going to assume you had to take IOE 265 for some reason) that is not how causation works. If you scatterplot the data set you can see there is a modest trend and R2 is .12, which is terribly weak.
Your ANOVA is correct in drawing the conclusion that teams have different foul differentials. That's really the only thing you can say. Putting it a different way, your data over 11 years shows an average season differential of 64 fouls between Michigan and Ohio State. If you say that the average season is around 25 games, this is a difference of 2.56 fouls per game. These may or may not be evenly distributed in B1G play, and I would suspect standard deviation for fouls per game is so large that 2.56 one way or another probably wouldn't be statistically significant.
Frankly, given the vastly different playing styles of Ohio State and a team like Michigan, I'm surprised that the gap is even close to 2.56 fouls/game. it would be interesting to know if we're being kept relatively even by the Amaker years.
January 27th, 2012 at 12:37 AM ^
Officiating is really hard and I agree that I did not care who won and it was so tough to listen to the players whine about my calls that I decided not to do it any more. I still play in YMCA leagues at age 62 with kids who are younger than the tshirts I wear. I still whine at the refs now. What can I say other than I am a deeply flawed and hopeless whiner at the refs as are a significant number of the players and coaches as mentioned above. Still thought the stats were worth sharing. Again make of them what you may.
January 27th, 2012 at 1:00 AM ^
always a direct result of how aggressively a team attacks the basket. Ohio has some big dudes including the leagues biggest. Iit should be no surprise teams spend a lot of time flailing around trying to stop them and thus fouling them frequently.
Good teams also find themselves at the line a lot at the end of games because the last resort for any team trailing but within touch of an opponent is to foul. Ohio is a good team, thus they shoot more FT's.
January 27th, 2012 at 1:19 AM ^
Refs are human. Some are honest and "don't give a shit who wins." Some allow their personal biases to come into play on the court. Some get into trouble with gamblers and loan sharks, or get an "offer they can't refuse."
They don't call it "working the refs" for nothing. If refs weren't occasionally affected by outside factors, coaches wouldn't bother to "work" them. I don't think every ref is dishonest, but I think it's safe to say that every ref is human, and prone to the frailties thereof. Some handle those frailties better than others.
January 27th, 2012 at 2:08 AM ^
January 27th, 2012 at 2:34 AM ^
But, but, he has NUMBERS and a CHART, so he must be right, right?
January 27th, 2012 at 4:40 AM ^
Maybe we can get a Blockhams comic strip dipicting this bias/or non-bias in a funny and amusing way?
January 27th, 2012 at 7:22 AM ^
Are you sure you have the MSU and Iowa FT numbers correct? It would seem to make more sense if they were reversed. It's especially hard to imagine Iowa being that bad and yet still shooting way more FTs than its opponents.
January 27th, 2012 at 8:03 AM ^
Thank you for providing a clear-cut hypothesis and conclusion that B1G refs are biased towards Ohio St and Illinois and against Northwestern. I'm positive there are no other factors in play.
January 27th, 2012 at 8:05 AM ^
Marc Cuban got himself in a world of trouble with the NBA when he paid people to track calls when the same two teams were playing home versus away with the same set of officials. He proved there was an overwhelming bias for the home team (I suscribe to the humans don't like to be boo'd theory) on foul calls. So for me anyways that sort of took the "style of play" arguement out. Do teams play different styles at home versus away? I dont think so. The only variable was the presence of lots and lots of humans yelling loudly for one team versus the other. And the refs (being human themselves) were influenced by it.
Maybe OSU got to play more home games? Who knows........
January 27th, 2012 at 8:53 AM ^
No. Refs being influenced by booing fans is NOT the only explanation. Teams might not play different styles but I'd guess they certainly play differently at home vs. on the road. If you are assuming that the loud booing of thousands of people can affect refs (because they are, after all, only human) then certainly you have to also concede that thousands of booing people can affect the visiting team, right?
Why dismiss the possibility that the visiting team plays less fundamentally sound, with less energy, and is less "on their game" on the road vs. at home. Isn't that at least as simple an explanation as ref bias?
EDIT (for clarification): I believe refs are biased (unintentionally) in favor of the home team. It drives me nuts. I also think they are biased in the direction of keeping the calls relatively even despite the reality that teams foul at a different rate. That drives me nuts, too. But the data I've seen don't support that "impression" any more than other explanations and I have to accept that my impressions might be wrong (e.g. the world really LOOKS flat, dammit, so it must be!).
January 27th, 2012 at 8:33 AM ^
Yes
Sorry I'm with Cuban on this one (which is why i think the NBA/Stern went absolutely nuts when he did it). To me what proves the point even more is that certain officials call against the home team on a consistent basis as well. As much as purists would like to deny the influence of a crowd people inherently like being liked. And conversely people (and refs fall into that category) dislike being disliked. Making the 50/50 call the "right way" at home garners cheers, not boo's. And all you need is two or three of those to go in the same direction (see Michigan/Iowa 2011 football for an example of this) and you've got the home team winning a game they would ordinarily lose.
Take a look at this betting site that looks at the same stats for establishing betting recommendations. Interesting.
http://www.covers.com/pageloader/pageloader.aspx?page=/data/nba/referees/referees.html
January 27th, 2012 at 8:44 AM ^
I noitced the following post a couple of weeks ago. Some insight into the home/away foul discrepencies, though I don't have the raw data the poster had:
This spans 10 full conference seasons (2001-02 through 2010-11) which is 84 home and away games apiece.
Total fouls called per game (both teams combined):
1. Carver-Hawkeye (36.9)
2. Breslin Center (36.8)
3. Assembly Hall-IN (36.3)
4. Mackey Arena (35.1)
5. Welsh-Ryan Arena (34.9)
6. Williams Arena (34.7)
7. Kohl Center (34.5)
8. Bryce-Jordan Center (34.1)
9. Crisler Arena (33.8)
10. Assembly Hall-IL (33.8)
11. Schottenstein Center (32.8)
Total home/away foul discrepancy differential (homecourt advantage minus away disadvantage)
1. Wisconsin (+6.00)
2. Purdue (+5.86)
3. Indiana (+4.93)
4. Michigan St. (+4.86)
5. Iowa (+4.82)
6. Northwestern (+4.76)
7. Ohio St. (+4.52)
8. Michigan (+4.19)
9. Minnesota (+4.11)
10. Illinois (+4.07)
11. Penn St. (+3.80)
January 27th, 2012 at 9:04 AM ^
Yes, most of the home court advantage in the big ten comes from officiating. Probably half a dozen to a dozen points/game when you figure in minutes missed due to foul trouble, posession, free throw disparity and how it handcuffs a defender.
Unfortunately, free throw disparity doesn't tell the whole story as some teams really do get fouled more and some teams really do commit more fouls. Unfortunately the only way to get quantitative data on this would be to UFR every big ten game from an officiating standpoint and document the blown calls. That would take forever, and it would just confirm what we already know.
From my eye, it shows up the most in the charge/blocking foul decision and the "last touched" out of bounds calls. The home team bias is there, and believe it or not Michigan benefits from it too. Beilein said it himself, you have to play considerably better than the other team to win on the road. It can be infuriating on the road, but as long as its consistent I dont have a problem with it.
January 27th, 2012 at 9:13 AM ^
Seconded on all counts. Focusing in on the free throws can miss one of the biggest impacts and thats having to sit key players for long periods of time due to foul trouble. I know the purists do NOT want to hear such talk (refs are unbiased....don't care who wins....blah blah blah) but they completely discount the sheer numbers that say otherwise.
La la la la la I can't HEAR you.....
January 27th, 2012 at 9:13 AM ^
Damn...you wanted this to be a Diary worthy post, so bad.
January 27th, 2012 at 9:51 AM ^
I found this thread wildly entertaining, especially since I'm someone who hates college basketball refs as much as anything. What's interesting, however, is that I didn't watch the Purdue game and get that frustrated. I thought the refs were lousy, but they were equally lousy. I was far more pissed at some other games (and the Iowa game in football - much like Blue Seoul was) than I was about the Purdue game.
But I think this entire thread can be summed up as follows:
- Being a ref for a basketball game is nearly impossible. There is contact on every play, things are moving really fast, the players like to "draw" fouls, and you can't see everything.
- Because refs are human, they are prone to being influenced by the crowd, momentum, and coaches. This leads to a home/road bias by default.
- Watching Michigan will often be more frustrating because we have a lot of players that will try to take a charge rather than block a shot. The charge/block call is a coin flip and that results in a lot of frustration. Michigan also doesn't attack the basket Dwayne Wade style to draw fouls as much as some teams, so they don't get to the line as much.
- The announcers are specifically told not to dwell on bad calls or show a lot of replays of controversial calls (I know a TV producer who worked an MSU game at Ford Field and was instructed to show no more than 1 replay and none of controversial calls). When there's a bad call in football you get to see it 5 times on replay and the announcers will talk about it. In basketball there are fewer replays due to the speed of the game and because they don't want to show bad calls.
- There are a lot of "old" refs in the B10 and a few who like to be in the spotlight. The Sports Guy has brought this up with the NBA too - why are the refs so old? Why are there no young ones? Ted Valentine and Eddie Hightower love being in the spotlight and have been referees in the B10 forever. If you do a google search for Valentine (http://statsheet.com/mcb/referees/ted-valentine) and Hightower (http://statsheet.com/mcb/referees/ed-hightower) you see link after link about how angry people are with them.
Here's an example: I watched the MSU-MN game this week and saw a ton of inconsistent calls without replays. Then there was this play that got shown over and over again where Draymond Green made a great entry pass for an easy hoop. The announcers were raving about it and it really was a good play. Except for the fact that Green totally changes his pivot foot!! It doesn't get called or even MENTIONED by the announcers.
The thing that frustrates me more than anything is when a ref makes a call because he THINKS something happened. This is common when a ref standing all the way across the court makes a call when the ref standing right next to the play doesn't. It also happens when a player pump fakes and the ref THINKS he traveled. Watch those replays on your DVR - it happens 1-2 times per game - and the guy doesn't travel.
January 27th, 2012 at 10:46 AM ^
been and always be the refs, umpires, line judges, chair umpires, and officials fault everytime a Meechigan team or individual does not win their game or match.
January 27th, 2012 at 11:22 AM ^
Yeah it's statistically significant, but the cause is more likely the varying talent and styles of play of the teams involved
January 27th, 2012 at 11:06 AM ^
The refs are always going to help out the home team. But it's not going to make a difference this Sunday. OSU has been destroying opponents at home all season. They beat Duke by 22 at home in December.
Call me negative all you want but I don't see this game going well. Especially with how we have looked on the road. Losing this game won't be because of the refs.
Smotrycz entry saw the massive Purdue run on which the Boilers couldn't miss. It didn't seem like it was entirely his fault but it also seemed crazy to keep Morgan, who had a Stu-like game that was even better than a scoreline that looks pretty good already, on the bench for as long as Beilein. intellectual property afghanistan