Aggregate Recruiting Rankings (Rivals, Scout, 247, ESPN)
I’m sorry to post again, but I think the improvements are significant enough – thanks to some intelligent feedback – to warrant a new posting.
Below is my attempt to aggregate the Rivals, Scout, 247, and ESPN rankings into a universal list. The goal is to draw from all of the data available to create a single list that eliminates the need to juggle rankings, ratings, and stars from four different sites when comparing prospects.
First, though, I’ll describe the logic and process.
The Process
There are countless ways to do this, and none of them is perfect. Importantly, even though I’m a Michigan fan, I never considered how this would look for Michigan before deciding how to do it. I’m trying to make this as objective and sensible as possible given time and data constraints.
The first decision one has to make is whom to include. In my first draft, I included only those who appeared in the top X lists for all four sites. Others thought that requirement was too rigid, so I’ve relaxed it here. The players appearing on this list appear in at least three of the four following lists: Rivals’ top 250, Scout’s top 300, 247’s top 247, and ESPN’s top 300. This eliminates the “veto power” nature of the first rankings (and the related outlier worries), since two sites would have to leave out a prospect for him to be excluded.
The next decision is how to rank those who make it. The most straightforward way to do this is to take the average ranking for each prospect across the four sites. In an ideal world, each site would rank every prospect so there would be no missing data. That isn’t reality. Therefore, I imputed rankings where they were missing. Here’s how I did in for each site (this is boring if you aren't interested):
- ESPN – ESPN actually makes this the easiest, because they just rank thousands of prospects. Every ESPN ranking here reflects ESPN’s actual ranking.
- Rivals – Rivals ranks its top 250 prospects and then gives elite prospects a star rating and a “Rivals rating” of 4.9 to 6.1. Using those ratings – and especially the Rivals rating – I found the range within which a recruit must fall (rankings-wise) and gave him the middle value. For example, Rivals has 222 guys rated a 5.8. Of them, 163 appear in the Rivals 250 (and 59 do not). That means that a prospect who receives a rating of 5.8 from Rivals but does not appear in the Rivals 250 must rank somewhere between 251 and 309. For this prospect, I would impute a ranking of 280.
- 247 – Exactly the same logic as with Rivals except that I had to trust them when they said, for example, that about 300 prospects are rated 90 or higher. (They don’t let you sort by prospect rating.)
- Scout – This one might seem unusual, but I think it’s actually pretty accurate. Scout doesn’t have anything like a Rivals rating, but it ranks prospects at their positions. For those outside of the top 300, I took their position ranking and imputed based on where ESPN had that ranked overall. For example, Scout has Amos Leggett as its #22 cornerback. ESPN has its #22 CB ranked #404 overall, so this is Leggett’s imputed Scout ranking. (There was an exception to this with two TEs that I can explain if anyone's interested.)
I hope that makes sense, and I’m happy to answer questions in the comments. Please feel free to share feedback or point out errors.
Also, if one of these sites significantly changes its rankings in the next few days I’m going to kill someone.
The Product
rank | name | pos | mean | Rivals | Scout | 247 | ESPN | college |
1 | Dorial Green-Beckham | WR | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
2 | Eddie Goldman | DT | 6 | 4 | 15 | 3 | 2 | |
3 | Mario Edwards | DE | 6.25 | 2 | 8 | 14 | 1 | Florida State |
4 | Stefon Diggs | S | 9.25 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 9 | |
5 | D.J. Humphries | OT | 10.25 | 3 | 18 | 13 | 7 | |
6 | Arik Armstead | OT | 10.5 | 23 | 1 | 1 | 17 | USC |
7 | Andrus Peat | OT | 11 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 22 | |
7 | John Theus | OT | 11 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 27 | |
9 | Johnathan Gray | RB | 11.5 | 14 | 9 | 15 | 8 | Texas |
10 | Shaq Thompson | S | 11.75 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 21 | |
11 | Noah Spence | DE | 13.75 | 13 | 6 | 32 | 4 | |
12 | Gunner Kiel | QB | 14.25 | 19 | 16 | 10 | 12 | |
13 | Eddie Williams | S | 18 | 20 | 36 | 11 | 5 | Alabama |
14 | Keith Marshall | RB | 18.25 | 55 | 5 | 7 | 6 | |
15 | Malcom Brown | DT | 22.75 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 13 | Texas |
16 | Kyle Murphy | OT | 23.5 | 28 | 27 | 9 | 30 | |
17 | Rushel Shell | RB | 26.25 | 33 | 10 | 39 | 23 | |
18 | Jessamen Dunker | OT | 27.5 | 49 | 22 | 25 | 14 | Florida |
19 | Jameis Winston | QB | 28.25 | 52 | 30 | 16 | 15 | |
20 | Ellis McCarthy | DT | 29 | 6 | 29 | 28 | 53 | |
21 | Darius Hamilton | DE | 29.25 | 5 | 25 | 20 | 67 | |
22 | Nelson Agholor | S | 31.25 | 9 | 53 | 22 | 41 | |
23 | Joshua Garnett | OG | 32.25 | 22 | 24 | 40 | 43 | |
24 | Cayleb Jones | WR | 39.25 | 21 | 23 | 93 | 20 | Texas |
24 | Tracy Howard | CB | 39.25 | 25 | 55 | 58 | 19 | |
26 | Noor Davis | OLB | 39.75 | 30 | 77 | 34 | 18 | Stanford |
27 | Geno Smith | CB | 40.25 | 47 | 54 | 29 | 31 | |
28 | Dante Fowler | DE | 41.75 | 11 | 39 | 43 | 74 | Florida State |
29 | Yuri Wright | CB | 42 | 41 | 75 | 12 | 40 | |
30 | Shaq Roland | WR | 43.5 | 63 | 17 | 48 | 46 | |
31 | Chris Black | WR | 44 | 57 | 71 | 19 | 29 | |
32 | Landon Collins | S | 45 | 17 | 59 | 53 | 51 | |
33 | Aziz Shittu | DT | 47.5 | 12 | 41 | 49 | 88 | |
33 | Jordan Jenkins | DE | 47.5 | 56 | 44 | 27 | 63 | |
35 | Kennedy Estelle | OT | 47.75 | 35 | 43 | 65 | 48 | Texas |
36 | Jonathan Taylor | DT | 48 | 36 | 66 | 46 | 44 | Georgia |
37 | Ifeadi Odenigbo | OLB | 48.75 | 48 | 60 | 37 | 50 | |
38 | Kwon Alexander | OLB | 49 | 77 | 34 | 69 | 16 | |
39 | Jarron Jones | DT | 49.75 | 67 | 14 | 21 | 97 | Penn State |
40 | Josh Harvey-Clemons | OLB | 50.5 | 39 | 78 | 61 | 24 | |
40 | Trey Williams | RB | 50.5 | 24 | 20 | 24 | 134 | Texas A&M |
42 | Thomas Johnson | WR | 56.5 | 50 | 87 | 54 | 35 | Texas |
43 | Jabari Ruffin | OLB | 57.25 | 46 | 104 | 45 | 34 | USC |
44 | Ronald Darby | CB | 57.5 | 64 | 32 | 64 | 70 | Notre Dame |
45 | Jordan Simmons | OG | 57.75 | 45 | 31 | 70 | 85 | |
45 | Kyle Kalis | OT | 57.75 | 18 | 21 | 52 | 140 | |
47 | Dominique Wheeler | WR | 59.25 | 66 | 48 | 78 | 45 | |
48 | Devin Fuller | QB | 60.75 | 37 | 150 | 17 | 39 | |
49 | Chris Casher | DE | 61.5 | 83 | 57 | 96 | 10 | Florida State |
50 | Durron Neal | WR | 65 | 32 | 61 | 105 | 62 | Oklahoma |
51 | Tommy Schutt | DT | 65.5 | 29 | 47 | 51 | 135 | |
52 | Eli Harold | OLB | 71.25 | 59 | 58 | 38 | 130 | |
53 | Channing Ward | DE | 73 | 120 | 37 | 41 | 94 | |
54 | Adolphus Washington | DE | 74.75 | 86 | 19 | 98 | 96 | |
54 | Barry Sanders | RB | 74.75 | 121 | 50 | 50 | 78 | |
56 | Ricky Parks | TE | 77.75 | 92 | 80 | 66 | 73 | Auburn |
57 | Zach Banner | OT | 79.75 | 31 | 46 | 117 | 125 | |
58 | Connor Brewer | QB | 80.5 | 123 | 117 | 56 | 26 | Texas |
59 | Avery Johnson | WR | 80.75 | 43 | 83 | 155 | 42 | LSU |
60 | Tee Shepard | CB | 83.5 | 51 | 49 | 145 | 89 | Notre Dame |
61 | Carlos Watkins | DT | 84.5 | 76 | 91 | 30 | 141 | |
62 | Jonathan Bullard | DE | 84.75 | 16 | 106 | 136 | 81 | |
63 | Alex Ross | RB | 86.5 | 183 | 89 | 36 | 38 | Oklahoma |
64 | Quay Evans | DT | 87.5 | 169 | 7 | 141 | 33 | |
65 | Joel Caleb | WR | 89.5 | 44 | 210 | 55 | 49 | |
66 | Davonte Neal | WR | 91 | 136 | 114 | 86 | 28 | |
67 | Brock Stadnik | OT | 91.25 | 165 | 69 | 72 | 59 | South Carolina |
68 | Torshiro Davis | OLB | 93.75 | 97 | 136 | 71 | 71 | LSU |
69 | Travis Blanks | S | 94.25 | 27 | 124 | 215 | 11 | Clemson |
70 | Erik Magnuson | OT | 96 | 34 | 96 | 85 | 169 | Michigan |
71 | Zach Kline | QB | 96.25 | 40 | 128 | 157 | 60 | California |
72 | Mario Pender | RB | 98 | 53 | 88 | 204 | 47 | Florida State |
73 | T.J. Yeldon | RB | 98.5 | 58 | 105 | 110 | 121 | Auburn |
74 | Brian Poole | CB | 99 | 75 | 42 | 143 | 136 | Florida |
75 | Reggie Ragland | MLB | 102.75 | 217 | 35 | 47 | 112 | Alabama |
76 | Jordan Diamond | OT | 103 | 209 | 40 | 60 | 103 | |
77 | LaDarrell McNeil | S | 105.25 | 107 | 51 | 83 | 180 | |
78 | Peter Jinkens | OLB | 106 | 101 | 101 | 166 | 56 | Texas |
79 | Byron Marshall | RB | 108.25 | 90 | 118 | 135 | 90 | |
80 | Se'von Pittman | DE | 109.25 | 61 | 79 | 196 | 101 | Michigan State |
81 | Germone Hopper | WR | 109.75 | 102 | 172 | 101 | 64 | Clemson |
82 | Javonte Magee | DT | 110 | 127 | 81 | 44 | 188 | |
83 | Terry Richardson | CB | 110.75 | 195 | 149 | 31 | 68 | Michigan |
84 | Tyriq McCord | DE | 111 | 60 | 181 | 103 | 100 | |
85 | Brian Nance | OLB | 113.75 | 73 | 125 | 67 | 190 | |
86 | Avery Young | OT | 114.25 | 38 | 13 | 287* | 119 | |
87 | Dan Voltz | OG | 115 | 154 | 99 | 23 | 184 | Wisconsin |
87 | Kendall Sanders | CB | 115 | 54 | 94 | 142 | 170 | Oklahoma State |
89 | Devonte Fields | DE | 115.75 | 147 | 145 | 102 | 69 | TCU |
89 | Kent Taylor | TE | 115.75 | 68 | 63 | 185 | 147 | |
91 | Michael Starts | OG | 116.5 | 148 | 70 | 119 | 129 | Texas Tech |
92 | Anthony Alford | QB | 117.25 | 105 | 230 | 35 | 99 | |
93 | Justin Shanks | DT | 118.75 | 111 | 84 | 162 | 118 | |
94 | Angelo Jean-Louis | WR | 119 | 113 | 223 | 88 | 52 | Miami (FL) |
95 | Evan Boehm | C | 122 | 130 | 100 | 203 | 55 | Missouri |
96 | Royce Jenkins-Stone | MLB | 123.25 | 87 | 115 | 174 | 117 | Michigan |
97 | James Ross | MLB | 123.5 | 143 | 73 | 84 | 194 | Michigan |
98 | Jordan Payton | WR | 124.25 | 96 | 56 | 199 | 146 | USC |
99 | Derrick Woods | WR | 124.5 | 81 | 180 | 109 | 128 | |
100 | Elijah Shumate | S | 124.75 | 112 | 93 | 76 | 218 | |
101 | Brian Kimbrow | RB | 128.75 | 80 | 153 | 128 | 154 | |
102 | Sterling Shepard | WR | 129.25 | 220 | 108 | 131 | 58 | Oklahoma |
103 | Matt Davis | QB | 131.25 | 144 | 38 | 187 | 156 | Texas A&M |
104 | Brionte Dunn | RB | 131.75 | 124 | 28 | 154 | 221 | Ohio State-ish |
105 | Colin Thompson | TE | 133.75 | 197 | 95 | 160 | 83 | Florida |
105 | Zeke Pike | QB | 133.75 | 72 | 33 | 18 | 412* | Auburn |
107 | P.J. Williams | S | 134.5 | 173 | 127 | 124 | 114 | Florida State |
108 | Dwayne Stanford | WR | 134.75 | 93 | 107 | 228 | 111 | |
109 | Isaac Seumalo | OG | 135.5 | 175 | 168 | 134 | 65 | |
109 | Jaquay Williams | WR | 135.5 | 94 | 116 | 173 | 159 | Auburn |
111 | Bralon Addison | WR | 137 | 155 | 119 | 137 | 137 | Texas A&M |
112 | Ronnie Stanley | OT | 140 | 149 | 76 | 62 | 273 | |
113 | Sheldon Day | DT | 142.25 | 280* | 65 | 80 | 144 | |
114 | Deon Bush | S | 142.5 | 65 | 264 | 175 | 66 | |
114 | Matt Jones | RB | 142.5 | 157 | 82 | 178 | 153 | Florida |
116 | Kevon Seymour | CB | 143.75 | 85 | 193 | 132 | 165 | |
117 | Jelani Hamilton | DE | 145 | 79 | 62 | 92 | 347* | Miami (FL) |
118 | Alex Carter | S | 145.5 | 62 | 287 | 118 | 115 | Stanford |
119 | Dillon Lee | MLB | 148 | 232 | 207 | 81 | 72 | Alabama |
120 | Lorenzo Phillips | OLB | 149.5 | 146 | 199 | 111 | 142 | |
121 | Vadal Alexander | OG | 151.25 | 280* | 126 | 108 | 91 | |
122 | Jalen Cope-Fitzpatrick | TE | 152 | 180 | 123 | 183 | 122 | |
123 | Wayne Morgan | S | 155.75 | 139 | 270 | 33 | 181 | |
124 | Paul Thurston | OT | 159.5 | 137 | 112 | 231 | 158 | Nebraska |
124 | Timothy Cole | OLB | 159.5 | 99 | 151 | 129 | 259 | Texas |
126 | Scott Starr | MLB | 160.75 | 110 | 186 | 106 | 241 | USC |
127 | Korren Kirven | DT | 161.5 | 280* | 194 | 63 | 109 | |
128 | Marcus Maye | S | 162.75 | 128 | 195 | 120 | 208 | |
129 | Cyrus Jones | RB | 165.25 | 224 | 250 | 150 | 37 | |
130 | Denzel Devall | DE | 165.75 | 125 | 232 | 91 | 215 | |
131 | Eugene Lewis | WR | 166.25 | 162 | 67 | 219 | 217 | |
132 | Leonard Floyd | DE | 166.75 | 159 | 121 | 94 | 293 | Georgia |
133 | Justin Thomas | WR | 168.75 | 205 | 217 | 82 | 171 | Alabama |
134 | Reginald Davis | WR | 169.25 | 214 | 120 | 261* | 82 | Texas Tech |
135 | Amos Leggett | CB | 169.5 | 104 | 404* | 75 | 95 | Miami (FL) |
136 | Troy Hinds | DE | 170.75 | 215 | 72 | 114 | 282 | |
137 | Greg Garmon | RB | 172.25 | 184 | 68 | 232 | 205 | |
138 | Max Tuerk | OT | 172.5 | 103 | 243 | 287* | 57 | USC |
139 | Drae Bowles | WR | 173.25 | 109 | 300 | 182 | 102 | |
139 | Leonard Williams | DE | 173.25 | 71 | 228 | 287* | 107 | |
139 | Vince Biegel | OLB | 173.25 | 95 | 218 | 214 | 166 | Wisconsin |
142 | Faith Ekakitie | DT | 173.5 | 100 | 216 | 104 | 274 | |
142 | J.J. Denman | OT | 173.5 | 242 | 111 | 181 | 160 | Penn State |
144 | John Michael McGee | C | 173.75 | 82 | 169 | 210 | 234 | |
145 | Camrhon Hughes | OT | 174.75 | 89 | 74 | 261* | 275 | Texas |
146 | Brandon Beaver | CB | 175.25 | 114 | 166 | 77 | 344* | |
147 | Quanzell Lambert | MLB | 178 | 117 | 204 | 127 | 264 | |
148 | Kenyan Drake | RB | 180.5 | 280* | 139 | 73 | 230 | Alabama |
149 | Chris Muller | OT | 183.75 | 69 | 324* | 100 | 242 | Rutgers |
150 | Patrick Miller | OT | 184 | 199 | 222 | 113 | 202 | |
151 | Keivarae Russell | RB | 185 | 106 | 152 | 42 | 440* | |
151 | Orlando Thomas | CB | 185 | 119 | 269 | 133 | 219 | Texas |
153 | Camren Williams | OLB | 185.25 | 243 | 138 | 116 | 244 | Penn State |
154 | Ty Darlington | C | 186 | 118 | 241 | 287* | 98 | |
155 | D.J. Foster | RB | 186.5 | 74 | 200 | 287* | 185 | |
156 | Aaron Burbridge | WR | 189.25 | 134 | 90 | 229 | 304* | |
156 | Ken Ekanem | DE | 189.25 | 185 | 191 | 159 | 222 | |
158 | Ishmael Adams | CB | 191.5 | 98 | 253 | 201 | 214 | |
159 | Curtis Riser | OG | 192.5 | 244 | 220 | 123 | 183 | Texas |
159 | Marvin Bracy | WR | 192.5 | 245 | 177 | 238 | 110 | |
161 | Joshua Perry | OLB | 194.75 | 131 | 231 | 235 | 182 | Ohio State |
162 | Taylor McNamara | TE | 196.5 | 84 | 302* | 144 | 256 | Arizona |
163 | Chris Wormley | DE | 198.75 | 452* | 113 | 57 | 173 | |
164 | Raphael Kirby | OLB | 199 | 126 | 233 | 287* | 150 | Miami (FL) |
165 | Greg McMullen | DE | 202 | 88 | 183 | 140 | 397* | Nebraska |
166 | Tyler Hayes | OLB | 203.75 | 452* | 122 | 115 | 126 | Alabama |
167 | Cyler Miles | QB | 204 | 160 | 272 | 138 | 246 | Washington |
168 | Deaysean Rippy | OLB | 205.5 | 247 | 103 | 146 | 326* | |
169 | Dalvon Stuckey | DT | 207.25 | 207 | 171 | 184 | 267 | Florida State |
169 | Omari Phillips | OT | 207.25 | 225 | 258 | 233 | 113 | Florida |
171 | Jordan Watkins | DE | 207.75 | 171 | 142 | 163 | 355* | |
172 | Joe Bolden | OLB | 211 | 167 | 238 | 287* | 152 | Michigan |
173 | Ronnie Feist | OLB | 211.75 | 204 | 251 | 261* | 131 | LSU |
174 | Sean Price | TE | 219.75 | 190 | 301* | 164 | 224 | |
175 | Freddie Tagaloa | OT | 220.25 | 206 | 219 | 188 | 268 | |
176 | Mike Davis | RB | 220.75 | 122 | 234 | 198 | 329* | Florida |
177 | Kaiwan Lewis | MLB | 221 | 280* | 158 | 240 | 206 | |
178 | Jaleel Johnson | DT | 223.25 | 140 | 203 | 261* | 289 | |
179 | Nick James | DT | 223.75 | 452* | 110 | 107 | 226 | |
180 | Michael Barton | OLB | 226 | 280* | 182 | 205 | 237 | California |
181 | Beniquez Brown | OLB | 227 | 452* | 134 | 195 | 127 | |
182 | Martin Aiken | DE | 227.5 | 189 | 97 | 243 | 381* | |
183 | Paul Boyette | DT | 227.75 | 168 | 224 | 323* | 196 | Texas |
184 | Michael Moore | DE | 229.25 | 176 | 286 | 125 | 330* | Virginia |
185 | Jeremi Powell | OLB | 229.5 | 218 | 275 | 170 | 255 | Florida |
186 | Warren Ball | RB | 230 | 212 | 52 | 206 | 450* | Ohio State |
187 | Reggie Daniels | S | 231.5 | 280* | 154 | 208 | 284 | |
188 | Adam Bisnowaty | OT | 234.75 | 177 | 302* | 202 | 258 | |
189 | Shane Callahan | OT | 235.25 | 191 | 173 | 323* | 254 | Auburn |
190 | Jonathan Williams | RB | 238 | 170 | 209 | 246 | 327* | Missouri |
191 | Chad Voytik | QB | 242.5 | 153 | 277 | 368* | 172 | |
191 | Deontay McManus | WR | 242.5 | 108 | 247 | 139 | 476* | |
191 | Mike Madaras | OT | 242.5 | 230 | 260 | 287* | 193 | Maryland |
194 | Evan Baylis | TE | 242.75 | 280* | 189 | 225 | 277 | Oregon |
195 | Bart Houston | QB | 246.25 | 452* | 160 | 197 | 176 | Wisconsin |
196 | Jordan Diggs | S | 248.25 | 280* | 268 | 158 | 287 | |
197 | Deion Bonner | S | 252.5 | 452* | 176 | 153 | 229 | |
198 | Lacy Westbrook | OG | 255.75 | 213 | 137 | 186 | 487* | |
199 | Trevor Knight | QB | 264.75 | 228 | 274 | 261* | 296 | Texas A&M |
200 | Amara Darboh | WR | 268.75 | 194 | 161 | 148 | 572* | |
201 | Jody Fuller | WR | 272.75 | 210 | 543* | 152 | 186 | |
202 | Malcolm Lewis | WR | 274 | 164 | 596* | 193 | 143 | |
203 | Armani Reeves | CB | 274.25 | 187 | 144 | 59 | 707* | |
204 | Darreus Rogers | WR | 280.75 | 172 | 135 | 74 | 742* | USC |
205 | Zac Brooks | WR | 282.5 | 174 | 278 | 126 | 552* | |
206 | Tom Strobel | DE | 284 | 231 | 211 | 169 | 525* | Michigan |
207 | Quinteze Williams | DE | 285.25 | 452* | 279 | 190 | 220 | Florida |
208 | Bryce Treggs | WR | 288 | 133 | 102 | 230 | 687* | |
209 | Gabriel Marks | CB | 289.5 | 166 | 239 | 172 | 581* | |
210 | Ondre Pipkins | DT | 295 | 246 | 175 | 149 | 610* | |
211 | Kyle Dodson | OT | 302.25 | 152 | 187 | 192 | 678* | Wisconsin |
212 | Brandon Fanaika | OG | 308.5 | 202 | 257 | 213 | 562* | |
213 | Edward Pope | S | 319.5 | 193 | 280 | 218 | 587* | TCU |
214 | Quinshad Davis | WR | 321 | 250 | 292 | 234 | 508* | |
215 | Leonte Carroo | WR | 326.25 | 211 | 86 | 245 | 763* | |
216 | Deontay Greenberry | WR | 331.5 | 115 | 244 | 209 | 758* | Notre Dame |
217 | Michael Richardson | DE | 371.25 | 756* | 294 | 226 | 209 | Texas A&M |
218 | Kwontie Moore | MLB | 383.25 | 116 | 1054* | 97 | 266 | Virginia |
219 | Germain Ifedi | OG | 384 | 756* | 285 | 242 | 253 | Missouri |
*imputed |
A final note about ESPN
Several commenters in my previous diary expressed that they’d like to see these rankings without ESPN. I don’t think there’s enough reason or evidence to dismiss ESPN entirely. However, for those who are interested, here’s how some recruits would rank among the above prospects if ESPN were excluded: Kalis (23), Washington (55), Magnuson (57), Ross (76), Dunn (79), Diamond (82), Richardson (104), Jenkins-Stone (106), Stanford (123), Burbridge (131), Pipkins (169), Strobel (181), Wormley (183), Bolden (201). Of course, the list of prospects included would change if ESPN were ignored altogether.
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